GENETIC LABWORK
DROSOPHILA AND MONOHYBRID CROSSES
By:
MAFIDATUL ILMI
100210103090
BIOLOGY EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATIC AND SCIENCE EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
2011
I. TITLE
monohybrid marriage on drosophila
II. PURPOSE
1. know how to breed Drosophilla melanogaster
2. exercise makes monohybrid crosses
3. calculating the ratio of offspring phenotype f1 and f2
2. exercise makes monohybrid crosses
3. calculating the ratio of offspring phenotype f1 and f2
III. BASIC THEORY
· Droshophila melanogaster
Produces a variety of individuals affected by the events intersection of two DNA through a marriage of two organisms. Some traits appear fused, but often missing, and appears on the next generation. There is individual who looks the same as the origin of individuals, but individuals unisex totally different from the individual home. Mystery Science Genetics is successful revealed by a priest named Gregor Mendel in 1865 (Raven,1996)
This is the classification of Drosophila melanogaster:
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Arthropoda
Kelas : Insecta
Ordo : Diptera
Famili : Drosophilidae
Genus : Drosophila
Spesies : Drosophila melanogaster
(Borror,1992)
To demonstrate Mendel, we often use Drosophilla melanogaster sabagai experimental animals. before we conducted experiments using Drosophilla melanogaster, we first have to know the ins and outs of this insect
classification Drosophilla melanogaster are:
there are 12 reasons why Drosophilla used for genetic experiments. The advantages of these flies, among others:
1. easily obtained
Drosophilla melanogaster is insects that are kosmolifit. In Indonesia alone there are over 600 species of fruit flies of the family Drosophilidae. Thus it is not all that fruit flies found that the type Drosophilla melanogaster, but this species can be developed alone
2. easily maintained
Drosophilla melanogaster are usually kept in a jam jar containing medium banana tape. Besides it does not require sterile conditions as in microbiological experiments. However, should all the tools disterilakn materials in advance to avoid fungal contamination. Mold growth can be prevented by administering NA-benzoate and tape to the process of fermentation
3. low maintenance costs
Because the medium of food was simple then treatment is not too expensive. But we must diligently replace the medium every two weeks.
4. not much need a place
Mutant stock is usually kept in jars of jam. One bottle can contain about 300-500 adult flies. Bottles can be stored on one shelf.
5. visible size
Although only the size of 2-5 mm only, morphology and properties of mutants can be observed with the naked eye.
6. not dangerous
Fruit flies do not transmit penyqakit or intermediate hosts.
7. have many descendants
A female fly can produce 500 eggs during her life
8. have a short life cycle
Life cycle ranges from 10-15 days
9.variatif
These flies have a phenotype that is easy to distinguish on eye color, hair form, body color and wing shape.
These flies have a phenotype that is easy to distinguish on eye color, hair form, body color and wing shape.
10. simple chromosome
Only had 4 pairs of chromosomes alone, making it easy to count. In addition to the saliva gland chromosomes are giant-sized politen and berlarik-array that is useful to identify where the gene.
11. has many mutants
The history of biological research suggests that Drosophilla sp. Organisms are the richest mutants. It is therefore appropriate once used as experimental animals in the genetics lab.
12. male flies no crossovers
Drosophilla sp. Males do not have crossovers. Similarly, the displacement cross can be calculated more precisely. On the other animals or in plants, a parental crossovers. (Tim Dosen Genetika, 2011)
· Monohybrid
Monohybrid cross is a cross between two species of the same with a different nature. Monohybrid cross is highly related to Mendel's laws I or the so-called law segresi. This law reads, "In the formation of gametes for genes that are couples would disegresikan into two chicks."
First learned of Mendel's monohybrid nature at the time of crossing experiments on peas (Pisum sativum). So far in the monohybrid crosses always apply the law of Mendel I.
Indeed in the lifetime of Mendelian trait is not known modern descendants, have not known of the nature of chromosomes and genes, especially nucleic acids that foster the genetic material. Mendel called the genetic material only determinant factor (determinant) or shortened by a factor. (crayonpedia.org)
I Mendel's laws apply in F1 x F1 gametogenesis has genotif heterozygous. The gene is located in the same locus on the chromosome, at the time of gametogenesis will sealel separate genes, each of which goes to one of gametes (Orphan, 1986).
I Mendel's laws apply in F1 x F1 gametogenesis has genotif heterozygous. The gene is located in the same locus on the chromosome, at the time of gametogenesis will sealel separate genes, each of which goes to one of gametes (Orphan, 1986).
Monohybrid In Plants
Character height rod to rod dominant force on the generally low plants, including corn. In the presence of corn is also known characters such as sugarcane stem growth. In the bread mold Neurospora mycelium is also known that the red color of characters against a white dominant.
Monohybrid In Animals
In guinea pigs, as well as in other animals, dominant gene causing abnormal pigmentation and alelnya causing an albino. Normal pigmented guinea pig who is a furry black. Black guinea pig mated with an albino guinea pig. Her children are all black. If the child was married each other it will produce a black: white 3: 1.
Monohybrid In Humans
Such synthetic chemicals called PTC, there is a class of people who can taste it will feel bitter and a class of people who can not taste it will feel the amber. Bitter taste due to a dominant gene.
In addition to tasting many other properties that follow the nature of monohybrid crosses, namely: polydactyly, phenylketonuria, Huntington's chorea brown teeth, crstic fibrosis.
Some important things about marriage monoibrid:
• All indifidu F1 is uniform.
• If the dominance seemed fully, then indifidu F1 has a dominant phenotype like its parent.
• At the time F1 heterozygote forms gametes, there was segregation of alleles, so that gametes have only one allele only.
• If dominance is fully visible, then the marriage monohybrid produce offspring with a ratio of 3:1 (Tjan, 1995).
IV. RESEACH METHOD
4.1 Tools and Materials
1. Microscope Binokuler or Loupe
2. Botle Culture with plugh foam
3. Paper label HVS
4. Petri disk with complete a layer cotton as like place try drugs again(reetherizer)
5. Ether Solution
6. Pipet
7. Botle with content alcohol or detergen to kill fly already don’t needed.
8. Small brush Number 1
9. Stock of Drosophila melanogaster pure groove which normal phenotip , mutant white fly and mutant.
10. Medium of banana and tape
11.Prohibition essence growing fungus (Na-Benzoat)
4.2 Work Step
1. Form medium bananas and tape
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2. Eteritation
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V. RESULT OF OBSERVATION
| No | Date, date | Age | Explanations |
| 1 | Friday 28 Oktober 2011 | 0 | situating of parental in bottle bottle of A 3 ♂normal 3 ♀ mutant bottle of B 3 ♂mutant 3 ♀ normal |
| 2 | Saturday 29 Oktober 2011 | 1 | bottle of A not yet there are egg hatching bottle of B not yet there are egg hatching |
| 3 | Sunday 30 Oktober 2011 | 2 | bottle of A egg start seen at bottle glass, form rather ellipse, white chromatic of milk of the size 0,5 mm bottle of B not yet there are egg hatching |
| 4 | Monday 31 Oktober 2011 | 3 | bottle of A egg not yet turned into larva, still see to turn white ellipsely bottle of B start seen some egg with form rather ellipse, white chromatic of milk of the size 0,5 mm |
| 5 | Thurssday 1 November 2011 | 4 | bottle of A egg turn into larva of instar 1 with transparent white colour, size measure 1 mm and make a move rather tardy bottle of B bottle less tightly closed so that ant come into him and some egg finished in eating. some normal fly of dead male in medium |
| 6 | Wednesday 2 November 2011 | 5 | bottle of A larva of instar 1 turning into instar larba 2, white chromatic of milk, size measure 2 mm, seen black dot [at] part of anterior, active peripatetic larva , there are spirakel |
| 7 | Tuesday 3 November 2011 | 6 | bottle of A larva of instar 2 turning into larva of instar 3, white chromatic of milk of the size 5 mm, mouth seen black at anterior, tardy peripatetic, there are spirakel. nocturnal of larva of instar 3 turning into prepupa with colour of cream , motion less, shorter size measure of larva of instar 3 |
| 8 | Friday 4 November 2011 | 7 | bottle of A morning after of prepupa turn into pupa with brown chromatic marking, size measure of relative is equal to pupa, lay in bottle glass but some of still in stadium of prepupa |
| 9 | Saturday 5 November 2011 | 8 | bottle of A release of fruitfly parental nocturnal fruitfly turn into imago , its for in rough entirely but have earned to fly friskily, eye there rose colored, and there which white chromatic. |
· mutant type of parental ♀ white chromatic mutant
· expenditure of day fly of selasa thursday of[is 8 november 2011
· 
amount of adult imago
amount of adult imago bottle of A
Normal mutant
♀=15 ♀=12
♂=9 ♂=17
Total = 53
VI. DISCUSSION
In this labwork activity about monohybrid crosses we use mutant fruit fly and normal fruit fly. The type of mutant fruit fly that we use is white (W). We breed the fruit fly in 2 culture bottles. First bottle A contain 3 male normal and 3 female mutant, and the other bottle B contain 3 male mutant white (W) and 3 female normal. The fruit fly that we use is virgin fruit fly in female, because the female fruit fly can store sperm in spermatheca in long enough time and in order to fruit fly can crosses with fruit fly that have determined. So fruit fly not in pregnant condition when fruit fly will crosess.
At first bottle in it there are 3 ♂ normal ♀ ? mutant. Plant of its life cycle being equal with marriage [at] attempt of previous cycle life. But there [is] difference that is laying in time required to experience of growth.The cycle of life in monohybrid crosses between mutant and normal fruit fly is longer than last observation that have we done early. It because in monohybrid crosses we use virgin fruit fly in order to know that the offsring of fruit fly derive from mutant and normal. Not like fruit fly that we use in experiment of life cycle, because maybe the offsping do not derive from fruit that culture in bottle but it can cause by that female store sperm in spermatecha at that time. And here is life cycle of monohybrid crosses between mutant and normal fruit fly.
On first put down by the each mains in culture bottle, that is A bottle 3 ♂normal 3 ♀ mutant bottle B 3 ♂ mutant 3 ♀ normal. On second not yet seen change at each bottle. On third at bottle of A start seen the existence of egg which patch at bottle glass, its for rather ellipse, white chromatic of milk of the size 0,5 mm. At bottle of B still not yet seen change. On to four egg have turned into larva and still see ellipse white chromatic at bottle A. While at bottle of B start seen the existence of egg. On to five bottle of A egg have come to larva of instar 1 with transparent white colour, size measure 1 mm, and make a move rather tardy. At bottle of B happened a few/little mistake, because bottle less tightly closed so that ant can come into him and eat some egg and also some normal male [of] death in medium, so that perception at bottle of B cannot be continued by because its egg have finished.
On to six larva of instar 1 turning into larva of instar 2, white chromatic of milk, size measure 2 mm, seen black dot at part of anterior, active peripatetic larva, there are spirakel. Later;Then on to seven larva of instar 2 turning into larva of instar 3, white chromatic of milk of the size 5 mm, mouth seen black at anterior, tardy peripatetic and there are spirakel, and at night its larva of instar 3 turning into prepupa. On to seven and is eight of pupa-pupa hatch and become new individual.
In crosses process that have we done, the result show that in first bottle (3 male normal and 3 female mutant white (W) consist of :
Normal mutant
♀=15 ♀=12
♂=9 ♂=17male
And in bottle B nothing changes that occur in fruit fly. And the total is 53.
Usually gene in mutant is dominat and normal is resessive. So we can make crosses:
P: mutant white female (♂) >< Normal male (♀)
(XWXW) (XwY)
G: XW XwY
F1: XW Xw, XWY
Mutant white female (♀) : 50 %
Mutant white male(♂) : 50 %
But in this case all F1 is not mutant but also normal. So the possibility of phenotype in mutant female is heterozygote.
P: mutant purple female (♂) >< Normal male (♀)
(XPmXpm) (XpmY)
G: XWXw XwY
F1: XWXw, XWY, XwXw, XwY
Mutant purple female (♀) : 25 %
Mutant purple male(♂) : 25 %
Normal female (♀) : 25%
Normal male (♂) : 25%
VII.CONCLUSION
· Monohybrid cross is a cross between two species of the same with a different nature. And monohybrid cross compares only one trait.
· A monohybrid crosses in the fly Drosophila melanogaster
done by crossing different properties from each other.
done by crossing different properties from each other.
· The result of monohybrid crosses that we observed in bottle 1 nothing changes that occur in fruit fly, it may cause by many factor like steril, chemical subtances in mutant etc.
· The result of monohybrid crosses that we observed in bottle A produce 53 fruit flies, that consist of male normal (9), male mutant (17), female normal (9), and female mutant (17).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Borror, D.J., Triplehorn, C. A., dan Johnson, N.F. 1993. Pengenalan Pelajaran Serangga. Yogyakarta : Gadjah Mada University Press
Tjan, Kiauw Nio. 1995. Genetika Dasar (Diktat). Bandung: penerbit ITB.
Orphans, Wildan.2003.Genetika. London: Tarsito
Tim Dosen Genetika. 2011. Petunjuk Praktikum Genetika. Jember: jember University Press
·Http://www.crayonpedia.org/mw/Pewarisan_Sifat.Sukis_Wariyono
Question
1. Bar eye in Drosophila is caused by a dominant gene B. While the normal eye by its recessive allele b. Normal eyed male flies in the cross with a bar-eyed females, its F1 offspring consist of:
100% bar-eyed females
Bar-eyed males 50%
50% of normal-eyed males
Determine parental genotype generation!
Answer:
The crosses from case above:
P: Bar eye female (♀) >< Bar eye male (♂)
(XBXb) (XBY)
G: XB, Xb XB, Y
F1: XBXB, XBYb, XBY, XbY
XBXB: Bar eye female (♀) 100%
XBYb: Bar eye female (♀) 100%
XBY : Bar eye male (♂) 50 %
XbY : normal male (♂) 50 %
2. In humans muselar pseudo hypertrophic muscular dystrophy (PHMD) is a condition in which muscles become weak and unable to function progressively and gradually lead to death in the teen years. This disease is caused by a recessive gene and only suffered by boys. Give your opinion about genetic diseases on top!
Answer:
The major possibility that influence is Y chromosome that less countan genes, because Y chromosome is shorter than X chromosome , chromosome Y only have in male , so, trait from parental will inheritate to their male offspring that contain Y chromosome. if occur marriage between male that suffer muselar pseudo hypertrophic muscular dystrophy with normal female, so the trait of father will inheritate to male childrens.
The crosses from case above:
P: normal female (♀) >< PHMD male (♂)
(X X) (XhY)
G: X XhY
F1: X X , XhY
X X : normal female (♀)
XhY: PHMD male (♂)
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